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James Legge

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James Legge

Missionary to China
Born December 20, 1815 (1815-12-20)
Huntly, Scotland
Died November 29, 1897 (1897-11-30)
Oxford, England
Religion Congregationalist

James Legge (理雅各; December 20, 1815 – November 29, 1897) was a noted Scottish sinologist, a Scottish Congregationalist, representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong (1840–1873), and first professor of Chinese at Oxford University (1876–1897). In association with Max Müller he prepared the monumental Sacred Books of the East series, published in 50 volumes between 1879 and 1891.

Contents

[edit] Life

James Legge was born at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and then Kings College, Aberdeen. After studying at the Highbury Theological College, London, he went in 1839 as a missionary to China, but remained at Malacca three years, in charge of the Anglo-Chinese College there. The College was subsequently moved to Hong Kong, where Legge lived for nearly thirty years. A Chinese Christian, Keuh Agong accompanied Legge when he moved in 1844. He returned home to Huntly, Aberdeenshire, in 1846-7, taking with him three Chinese students. Legge and the students were received by Queen Victoria before his return to Hong Kong.

Legge married twice, first to Mary Isabella Morison (1816–1852) and after she died to a widow, Hannah Mary Willetts (d 1881, née Johnstone).

Convinced of the need for missionaries to be able to comprehend the ideas and culture of the Chinese, he began in 1841 a translation in many volumes of the Chinese classics, a monumental task that he completed a few years before his death. During his residence in Hong Kong, he translated Chinese classic literature into English with the help of Wang Tao and Hong Rengan, among others. He was the headmaster at Ying Wa College in Hong Kong from 1839 to 1867, and Pastor of the Union Church there from 1844 to 1867.

He was third and final editor of the Chinese Serial, the first Chinese newspaper in Hong Kong. The paper closed in May 1856.

In 1867, Legge returned to Dollar in Clackmannanshire, Scotland, where he invited Wang Tao to join him, and received his LLD from the University of Aberdeen in 1870. While in Scotland, he also revisited his native burgh, Huntly, accompanied by Dr Wang Tao. He then returned to Hong Kong as pastor at Union Church from 1870 to 1873. He took a long trip to North China, beginning 2 April 1873 in Shanghai, arriving at Tianjin by boat, then travelling by mule cart and arriving in Peking on 16 April 1873, where he stayed at the London Missionary Society headquarters. He visited the Great Wall, Ming Tombs and the Temple of Heaven, where he felt compelled to take off his shoes with holy awe. He left Peking, accompanied by Joseph Edkins, and headed for Shandong Qufu by mule cart to visit Jinan, Taishan, where they ascended the sacred Mount Tai, carried by four men on chairs. Leaving Mount Tai on May 15, they visited Confucius Temple and the Forest of Confucius at Qufu, where he climbed to the top of the Confucius burial mound. Legge returned to Shanghai by way of the Grand Canal, and thence to England via Japan and the USA in 1873.[1] In 1875 he was named Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford and in 1876 assumed the new Chair of Chinese Language and Literature at Oxford, where he attracted few students to his lectures but worked hard for some 20 years in his study at 3 Keble Terrace, on his translations of the Chinese classics. According to an anonymous contemporary obituary in the Pall Mall Gazette, Legge was in his study every morning at three o'clock, winter and summer, having retired to bed at ten. When he got up in the morning the first thing he did was to make himself a cup of tea over a spirit-lamp. Then he worked away at his translations while all the household slept.

In his book "The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity" published in 1880, he wrote that he encountered a mosque in Canton which had a placard denouncing footbinding, saying Islam did not allow it since it constituted violating the creation of God.[2]

In addition to his other work Legge wrote The Life and Teaching of Confucius (1867); The Life and Teaching of Mencius (1875); The Religions of China (1880); and other books on Chinese literature and religion.

Legge was given an honorary MA, University of Oxford, and LLD, University of Edinburgh, 1884. Legge died at Oxford in 1897 and is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery. Many of his manuscripts and letters are archived at the School of Oriental and African Studies.

[edit] Selected works

Missionary James Legge and his three Chinese students
  • Legge, James, The Texts of Taoism, 2 Vols, The Sacred Books of the East Vols. 39 & 40, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1891; reissued New York: Dover, 1962), pb. Contains, in a rather archaic English and with a distinct transcription scheme: the Tao Te Ching; the writings of Zhuangzi; and shorter works: the T'ai Shang [Tractate of Actions and Their Retributions]; the Ch'ing Chang Ching [Classic of Purity]; the Yin Fu Ching [or Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and Unseen]; the Yu Shu Ching [Classic of the Pivot of Jade]; and the Hsia Yung Ching [Classic of the Directory for the Day].
  • Legge, James, The Chinese Classics : With A Translation, Critical And Exegetical Notes, prolegomena, and copious indexes, in five volumes, (Hong Kong : Legge ; London : Trubner, 1861–1872).
  • Legge, James, "The religions of China : Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity" (London : Hodder and Stoughton, 1880; rpr. Norwood, Pa. : Norwood Editions, 1977)
  • Legge, James, Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean (New York: Dover Books, 1971; o.p. 1893), 503 pp. Translation of the Analects along with two other important Confucian texts. A little dated, but still worth consulting. Includes Chinese text and, as Legge himself observes, "Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, Copious Indexes, and Dictionary of All Characters."
  • Legge, James, The Works of Mencius, (New York: Dover Publications, 1970).

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Norman J. Girardot, The Victorian Translation of China: James Legge's Oriental Pilgrimage, pp.83–97. ISBN 0-520-21552-4.
  2. ^ James Legge (1880). The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity. LONDON: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 111. http://books.google.com/books?id=fpcuAAAAYAAJ&q=mohammedan#v=snippet&q=mohammedan&f=false. Retrieved June 28, 2010. (Original from Harvard University)
  •  This article incorporates text from The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity, by James Legge, a publication from 1880 now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
  • Norman J. Girardot, The Victorian Translation of China: James Legge's Oriental Pilgrimage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) is a major reassessment of Legge and his role in creating British Sinology and European study of world religion.
  • Lauren F. Pfister, Striving for 'The Whole Duty of Man': James Legge and the Scottish Protestant Encounter with China, 2 vols., published by The Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz in Germersheim, 2004.
  • Legge, Helen Edith (1905). James Legge : Missionary & Scholar London: Religious Tract Society. -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes

[edit] External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: James Legge

 Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Legge, James". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.